Silicones have become a common ingredient in many skincare products, prized for their ability to create a smooth, silky texture and provide a temporary "perfecting" effect on the skin. However, growing concerns about the potential negative effects of certain types of silicones, particularly volatile silicones, have led many consumers to seek silicone-free alternatives. This article delves into the reasons why you might want to avoid volatile silicones in your skincare routine.
What are Volatile Silicones?
Volatile silicones are a category of silicones that evaporate quickly from the skin's surface after application. They are often used in skincare and haircare products to enhance spreadability, provide a smooth and silky feel, and create a matte finish. Some common volatile silicones include:
- Cyclopentasiloxane (D5)
- Cyclotetrasiloxane (D4)
- Cyclohexasiloxane (D6)
These silicones are typically used in products like primers, foundations, serums, and hair conditioners to improve texture and provide a temporary smoothing effect1. Volatile silicones relate to materials that have a low heat of vaporization and the ability to select a desired vapor pressure2. They evaporate from the skin quickly, providing a dry feel2.
Silicones, also known as siloxanes, are synthetic polymers with a backbone composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. However, they also have organic side groups attached to the silicon atoms, which influence their properties and behavior4. The silicon-oxygen bond and silicon-carbon bond allow freedom of rotation, which enables these molecules to adopt the lowest energy configuration at interfaces4.
Volatile silicone fluids consist of cyclic and linear molecules having a viscosity of less than 5 cst4. Cyclomethicone with low heat of vaporization and low viscosity imparts a transient, non-greasy and non-cooling effect on skin4. It helps to improve the rub-in and spreadability of creams and lotions4. Cyclomethicone can be used as a volatile carrier and is compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients4. Cyclomethicone may be used alone or blended with other cosmetic fluids to provide a liquid base for a variety of cosmetic ingredients4.
Volatile silicones are used in a variety of applications, including:
- Antiperspirants and deodorants: Their quick evaporation helps reduce stickiness and provides a dry finish4.
- Sunscreens: They reduce oiliness and impart a light, non-greasy feel, improving consumer acceptance5.
- Color cosmetics: They act as spreading agents for pigments due to their good spreadability and non-greasy nature5.
- Hair conditioners and shampoos: They improve the feel and texture of hair, decrease friction, and reduce tangling and frizziness5.
Potential Negative Effects of Volatile Silicones on the Skin
While silicones are generally considered safe for topical use, there are some potential concerns associated with volatile silicones, particularly for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin:
- Skin Irritation: Although rare, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to volatile silicones. This can manifest as redness, itching, or a burning sensation6.
- Exacerbation of Acne: While silicones themselves are non-comedogenic (meaning they don't clog pores), their occlusive nature can trap oil, dirt, and dead skin cells beneath the surface of the skin. This can potentially worsen acne or lead to breakouts in those prone to acne6.
- Interference with Skin's Natural Processes: Silicones can form a barrier on the skin that, while providing a smooth feel, may interfere with the skin's natural ability to breathe and release toxins. This can potentially lead to dryness or a dull complexion over time8. In addition, silicones can dehydrate the skin because the barrier they form can prevent the entry of moisture. This can lead to dull, wrinkled skin that lacks elasticity while also dehydrating the skin and affecting its pH balance9.
- Endocrine Disruption: Some studies have raised concerns about the potential for certain volatile silicones, such as D4 and D5, to disrupt hormone systems. These silicones have been linked to changes in hormone levels in animal studies, raising concerns about potential effects on reproductive health and thyroid function8.
- Accumulation in the Body: Some synthetic emollients, including silicones, have the potential to accumulate in the liver and lymph nodes10. There is also anecdotal evidence suggesting that silicone may be toxic to the human body, stemming from issues reported by women with silicone breast implants. However, it's important to note that this is not conclusive scientific evidence10.
It's important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of volatile silicones on human health. However, the potential concerns outlined above warrant consideration, especially for those with sensitive skin or pre-existing skin conditions8. The effects of silicones can vary significantly depending on individual skin types and sensitivities8.
Environmental Impact of Volatile Silicones
In addition to potential effects on the skin, volatile silicones also raise environmental concerns:
- Persistence in the Environment: Volatile silicones, particularly D5 and D6, are considered persistent in the environment, meaning they don't readily break down. This can lead to their accumulation in water systems and soil, potentially harming aquatic life and ecosystems11.
- Bioaccumulation: Some volatile silicones can accumulate in organisms over time, potentially causing harm to their health and reproduction9.
- Disruption of Wastewater Treatment: Silicones in wastewater can interfere with the treatment process, potentially contaminating biogas and reducing the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants11.
- Air Pollution: The production of volatile silicones can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere. These VOCs contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and smog, which can harm plant life, reduce visibility, and deteriorate air quality13. Volatiles are primarily generated during the curing and vulcanization phases due to the high temperatures and chemical reactions involved. These processes can release various compounds, from simple alcohols and acetic acid to more complex molecules like siloxanes13.
- Wildlife Ingestion: Wildlife can ingest silicone, mistaking it for food, potentially causing harm12.
- Waste Management Challenges: Silicone recycling is not widely available, and many countries struggle with silicone waste due to limited recycling infrastructure12.
- Carbon Footprint: The production of silicone involves energy-intensive processes, contributing to carbon emissions12.
These environmental concerns have led to increased regulations and restrictions on the use of certain volatile silicones in cosmetic products11. While some silicones are biodegradable, others can persist in the environment and pose risks to ecosystems9.
Research on Volatile Silicones
Several research papers and articles have investigated the potential negative effects of volatile silicones on the skin and the environment. Here's a summary of some key findings:
- A study published in the journal Cosmetics found that silicone-based emulsions provided a silky, fresh, and soft feel to the skin but did not cause skin occlusion or irritation14.
- Another study published in the ACS Central Science journal highlighted concerns about the buildup of silicone waste in the environment and the potential for cyclic silicones to persist in aquatic environments and accumulate in organisms15.
- A report by Cosmebio emphasized the environmental impact of silicones, particularly their non-biodegradability and potential to disrupt wastewater treatment processes11.
- An article on Healthline.com presented a balanced view of silicones, acknowledging their safety for topical application but also highlighting concerns about their superficial benefits, potential to trap impurities, and environmental impact7.
- A manufacturer of silicone products, Newtop Silicone, acknowledged the potential for silicones to accumulate in the body and disrupt hormone systems, while also emphasizing the importance of individual skin sensitivities and the need for further research8.
These findings suggest that while silicones may be safe for many people, there are valid concerns about their long-term effects and environmental impact.
Alternatives to Volatile Silicones
Given the potential negative effects of volatile silicones on both the skin and the environment, many consumers are seeking alternative ingredients that can provide similar benefits without the associated drawbacks. Fortunately, there are several alternatives to volatile silicones that can provide excellent moisturization and a smooth skin feel:
- Natural Emollients: Plant-based oils and butters, such as jojoba oil, shea butter, and coconut oil, can provide excellent moisturization and a smooth skin feel16.
- Vegetable-Based Silicone Alternatives: Some companies have developed innovative plant-derived alternatives to silicones that mimic the texture and sensory benefits of silicones while being more environmentally friendly17.
- Esters: Esters, such as ethylhexyl palmitate and isopropyl myristate, are often used as emollients in skincare products and can provide a similar smooth and silky feel to silicones4.
- Fatty Alcohols: Fatty alcohols, such as cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol, are derived from natural sources and can act as emollients and thickeners in skincare products4.
When choosing skincare products, it's essential to read the ingredient list carefully and look for products that are formulated with these alternatives instead of volatile silicones.
While volatile silicones can provide temporary benefits in skincare products, such as a smooth texture and enhanced spreadability, their potential negative effects on the skin and the environment are worth considering. These silicones may exacerbate acne, irritate sensitive skin, interfere with the skin's natural processes, and disrupt hormone systems. Furthermore, they can persist in the environment, accumulate in organisms, and disrupt wastewater treatment processes.
Fortunately, several alternative ingredients can provide similar benefits without the potential drawbacks of volatile silicones. Natural emollients, vegetable-based silicone alternatives, esters, and fatty alcohols are just a few examples of ingredients that can be used to create effective and environmentally friendly skincare products.
By understanding the potential risks of volatile silicones and exploring the available alternatives, you can make informed choices about the products you use and prioritize both your skin's health and the well-being of the planet. When choosing skincare products, always read the ingredient list carefully and opt for products that are free of volatile silicones and formulated with safer, more sustainable alternatives.
Table of Alternative Ingredients to Volatile Silicones
| Ingredient | Description | Benefits | Applications | Environmental Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biophytosebum | Natural emollient derived from olive plants | Provides a silky, velvety feel; sustainable alternative to volatile silicones | Face care, hair care | Biodegradable, derived from renewable resources |
| Galesan Ecogreen C® | Plant-based alternative to Cyclopentasiloxane and Isohexadecane | Replicates the dry, powdery feel of silicones; biodegradable | Emulsions, cleansers, hair care, sun care, deodorants | Biodegradable, derived from renewable resources |
| Natura-Tec Plantsil™ | Plant-based alternative to cyclomethicone | Provides a long-lasting sensation of softness and a satin, non-greasy finish | Hair care, make-up remover | Biodegradable, derived from renewable resources |
| Jojoba-Enriched Vegetable Alternative | Jojoba-enriched alternative to volatile silicones | Naturally derived from renewable sources; biodegradable; colorless and odorless | Skincare, haircare | Biodegradable, derived from renewable resources |
| Emogreen™ L15 | Plant-based alkane | Protects hair fiber from repeated mechanical stress; provides a low-friction and high-gliding effect | Hair care, skincare | Biodegradable, derived from renewable resources |
Footnotes
1. www.siliconesandmore.com, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.siliconesandmore.com/en/the-silicone-pointer/silicone-for-cosmetics/volatile-liquids-for-cosmetics/#:~:text=Volatile%20cyclic%20silicones%2C%20such%20as,soft%20finish%20without%20heavy%20residue.
2. Cyclic Silicone vs. Volatile Silicone - Cosmetics & Toiletries, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/literature-data/news/21846141/cyclic-silicone-vs-volatile-silicone
3. Silicone Chemistry - Global Silicones Council, accessed March 11, 2025, https://globalsilicones.org/explore-silicones/silicone-chemistry/
4. Selecting the perfect silicone for your formulation - Personal Care Magazine, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/13149/selecting-the-perfect-silicone-for-your-formulation
5. Silicone in Dermatology: An Update - PMC - PubMed Central, accessed March 11, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10298615/
6. Silicone in Hair and Skincare Products - ADA Cosmetics, accessed March 11, 2025, https://ada-cosmetics.com/expert-stories/silicones/
7. 6 Reasons Why People Avoid Silicones in Skin Care - Healthline, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/silicones
8. Understanding the Toxicology and Health Impacts of Silicones, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.newtopsilicone.com/understanding-the-toxicology-and-health-impacts-of-silicones/
9. Silicones in cosmetics: risks & alternatives - Ingredients® Wellness, accessed March 11, 2025, https://ingredientswellness.com/blogs/news/silicones-in-cosmetics-risks-alternatives
10. Silicones And Acne – Sharing Some Info – Cosmetics & grooming, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.acne.org/forums/5-cosmetics-grooming/306666-silicones-and-acne-sharing-some-info
11. Silicones in Beauty Products: What You Should Know About This Ingredient - Cosmébio, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.cosmebio.org/en/reports/silicones-beauty-products-what-you-should-know-ingredient/
12. Is Silicone Bad For The Environment? Statistics, Trends And Facts - GreenMatch, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/is-silicone-bad-for-the-environment
13. Volatile Management in Silicone Manufacturing - NEWTOP SILICONE, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.newtopsilicone.com/advancing-sustainability-volatile-management-in-silicone-manufacturing/
14. A comparison between silicone‐free and silicone‐based emulsions: Technological features and in vivo evaluation - PMC, accessed March 11, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9545630/
15. Swapping out silicone in our skin and hair products - C&EN - American Chemical Society, accessed March 11, 2025, https://cen.acs.org/business/consumer-products/Swapping-silicone-skin-hair-products/101/i17
16. Silicone alternatives - SOPHIM, accessed March 11, 2025, https://www.sophim.com/en/alternative-silicones/
17. Our Vegetable-Based Silicone Alternatives - Jojoba Valley, accessed March 11, 2025, https://jojobavalley.com/our-vegetable-based-silicone-alternatives/